Brazil / Genocides of Indigenous Peoples

"They're Killing Us": World's Most Endangered Tribe Cries for Help
By Gethin Chamberlain
The Observer, April 21, 2012
"Trundling along the dirt roads of the Amazon, the giant logging lorry dwarfed the vehicle of the investigators following it. The trunks of nine huge trees were piled high on the back -- incontrovertible proof of the continuing destruction of the world's greatest rainforest and its most endangered tribe, the Awá. Yet as they travelled through the jungle early this year, the small team from Funai -- Brazil's National Indian Foundation -- did not dare try to stop the loggers; the vehicle was too large and the loggers were almost certainly armed. All they could do was video the lorry and add the film to the growing mountain of evidence showing how the Awá -- with only 355 surviving members, more than 100 of whom have had no contact with the outside world -- are teetering on the edge of extinction. It is a scene played out throughout the Amazon as the authorities struggle to tackle the powerful illegal logging industry. But it is not just the loss of the trees that has created a situation so serious that it led a Brazilian judge, José Carlos do Vale Madeira, to describe it as 'a real genocide'. People are pouring on to the Awá's land, building illegal settlements, running cattle ranches. Hired gunmen -- known as pistoleros -- are reported to be hunting Awá who have stood in the way of land-grabbers. Members of the tribe describe seeing their families wiped out. Human rights campaigners say the tribe has reached a tipping point and only immediate action by the Brazilian government to prevent logging can save the tribe.

Iraq / Iraqi Kurdistan

"Kurds in northern Diyala Province have faced a campaign of terror. In Jalawla, a Kurdish official's home was bombed." (Ayman Oghanna/The New York Times)

In the Uprooting of Kurds, Iraq Tests a Fragile National Unity
By Tim Arango
The New York Times, April 21, 2012
"In January, the dismembered body of Wisam Jumai, a Kurdish intelligence officer, was discovered in a field in Sadiyah, a small town in northeastern Iraq. Soon his family and friends, one after another, received text messages offering a choice: leave or be killed. 'Wisam has been killed,' read one message sent to a cousin. 'Wait for your turn. If you want your life, leave Sadiyah.' After Mr. Jumai's killing, nearly three dozen Kurdish families fled their homes and moved here, according to local officials, to the sanctuary of a city that is claimed by the government in Baghdad but patrolled by Kurdish forces. Other Kurds from the area have come here after being pushed out over property disputes that can be traced to Saddam Hussein's policy in the 1970s of expelling Kurds and resettling Arabs. Whether by terrorism or judicial order, the continuing displacement of Iraq's Kurdish minority lays bare the unfinished business of reconciliation in the wake of the American military's withdrawal, and it is a symptom of the rapidly deteriorating relationship between the semiautonomous Kurdish government based in Erbil and the central government in Baghdad. The schism, which is most immediately over sharing oil wealth but is more deeply about historical grievances and Kurdish aspirations for independence, raises serious questions about the future of a unified Iraq. The crisis, American officials say, is far more grave than the political tensions between the Shiite-dominated government of Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki and the country's Sunni Arab minority set off by an arrest warrant on terrorism charges issued in December for Tariq al-Hashimi, the Sunni vice president. The Kurds, unlike the Sunnis, have their own security forces, oil reserves, ports of entry and even their own de facto foreign policy, with envoys operating in other countries. This could eventually lead them to seek more independence from Baghdad. 'Fearing a resurgence of a strong central state, Kurdish leaders want to leave Iraq, and they appear to believe their moment to do so may soon arrive,' wrote Joost Hiltermann, an analyst at the International Crisis Group, in a recent report. [...]"

Sudan / South Sudan / South Kordofan

"Rahma Mohammed Osman, Sudanese undersecretary of foreign affairs, pictured after Sudan's parliament called a halt to negotiations with South Sudan." (Ashraf Shazly/AFP/Getty Images)

The International Community Must Wake Up to Looming Sudan Disaster
By Simon Tisdall
The Guardian, April 18, 2012
"Sudan burns -- and the world yawns. Clashes along the north-south border multiply and spread, presaging all-out war -- and the UN talks vaguely of new sanctions. Khartoum's parliament brands newly independent South Sudan an 'enemy', oil wells burn, civilians are bombed, a humanitarian emergency looms -- and Thabo Mbeki, the African Union's forlorn mediator, suggests there is not much he can do. In the order of global business, it seems Sudan does not rate highly. This is odd, given the massive effort the US, Britain, and other guarantors put into securing the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended 22 years of civil war. The deal was loudly applauded at the time, leading directly to last year's southern secession. But its loose ends, principally over border demarcation and oil sharing, may be its undoing. Both countries say they remain committed to peace. Neither can afford another conflict. But in Mbeki's words, they are trapped in the 'logic of war'. Expressions of alarm are not in short supply following the provocative occupation by southern forces last week of the oil-producing Heglig region of South Kordofan state. The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, called for an immediate halt to hostilities. Egypt has tried in vain to bring the two sides together. China, which will host South Sudan's president Salva Kiir this month, seeks a resumption of suspended oil output. Even Iran, ostensibly playing the good guy though doubtless eyeing Israeli support for the Juba government, has called for calm. But Kiir, like his opposite number in Khartoum, President Omar al-Bashir, is acting stubborn, drawing on decades of mutual distrust, bad faith and bloody-mindedness while casting aside more recent pledges of amity. Kiir complained last week, in a boastful sort of way, that he could not sleep for all the phone calls he was getting. 'Those who have been calling me starting with the UN secretary-general, he gave me an order that I'm ordering you to immediately withdraw from Heglig. I said I'm not under your command,' Kiir said. For his part, Bashir told Egypt's foreign minister he would resume negotiations only after southern forces left Heglig (which produces half of Sudan's oil). According to the official Sudan news agency, Bashir said Sudan reserved the right to respond to the occupation of Heglig 'in any manner that guarantees its security, sovereignty and stability'. That was a clear hint that a big counter-offensive could be in the making. And for once at least, Bashir has a modicum of western understanding, if not sympathy. [...]"

Sudan / South Kordofan

Southern Kordofan: Unfinished Business
Al Jazeera, April 9, 2012
"Sudan, once Africa's biggest country, has been in conflict for decades. The mainly African south and predominately Arab north fought for almost 40 years over the past six decades over differences in ideology, politics, resources, land and oil. The most recent war raged from 1983 to 2005, claiming the lives of at least two million people and leaving another four million displaced. When South Sudan became independent in July 2011, it was supposed to usher in a new period of peace and stability in the region. But Sudan is still highly unstable with a continuing humanitarian crisis in Darfur in the west and fighting in oil-rich regions bordering South Sudan together known as the 'Three Areas'. The country is also recovering from a conflict in the east. Southern Kordofan is region that used to be the geographical centre of Sudan, but when the south won independence, it found itself on the southern border.  At its heart is the Nuba Mountains where some 50 black African tribes have lived for thousands of years. There was heavy fighting in the region during the north-south civil war, but the comprehensive peace agreement that ended the conflict never resolved its status. In a special show, Al Jazeera investigates a hidden war in the remote state of Southern Kordofan in Sudan where rebels are fighting to defend their people against what they say is 'genocide'. Al Jazeera's Peter Greste travelled to the isolated Nuba Mountains where he found entire communities hiding in caves from a bombing campaign that Khartoum says is aimed only at putting down an armed insurrection. [...]"

Serbia / Kosovo

"Graffiti criticising the EU's rule of law mission in Kosovo, which is known as Eulex." (Mary Fitzgerald)

Festering Sore That is Northern Kosovo
By Mary Fitzgerald
The Irish Times, April 9, 2012
"Not so long ago the smoke-filled La Dolce Vita bar next to Mitrovica’s flashpoint bridge was synonymous with Serb vigilantes known as 'bridge watchers' whose job it was to keep ethnic Albanians out of their enclave. Its position overlooking the Ibar river that marks the dividing line between the town's Serb-dominated northern flank and its ethnic Albanian south provided the bar's patrons with a birds-eye view, but also made it a target for attack. The 'bridge watchers' are still there, but La Dolce Vita's customers are now a more diverse bunch. They include university students such as Alexandra and Sasha who chain-smoke while bemoaning the lack of opportunity in this grimy former industrial town. 'We have cafes like this and nothing else,' says Alexandra. 'Sometimes it feels like we have been forgotten.' Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 and has since been recognised by the US and 22 of the EU’s 27 member states. But the fate of the Serb-dominated pockets of northern Kosovo, whose residents effectively live as if still forming part of Serbia, remains a festering sore, while their resentment of the Pristina government continues to bubble. Nowhere is the divide between Kosovo’s ethnic Albanian majority and its Serb minority as obvious as in the hinterland that surrounds this contested northern town.

Bosnia and Herzegovina / Post-Genocide Reconciliation

"A woman peers from the window of her bullet-riddled flat in the Grbavica district of Sarajevo, Bosnia, during the war." (Tom Stoddart Archive/Getty Images)

Bosnian War 20 Years On: Peace Holds But Conflict Continues to Haunt
By Julian Borger
The Guardian, April 4, 2012
"In the last heavy storm of the winter, so much snow built up on the roof of Skenderija, one of Sarajevo's most important commercial centres, that it caved in, crushing cars, offices and shops. The cause was evident: no one had got round to clearing the roof until it was too late. Nonetheless, the authorities blamed the war. Bosnia's war, which brought the worst atrocities Europe had seen since the Nazi era, began 20 years ago on Thursday. It has been over for more than 16 years, in which time the country has been more peaceful that even the optimists dared hope. Yet it continues to haunt the blighted country -- as a constant excuse for dysfunction, as a bitter memory, a psychic scar and a malaise. At the anniversary of the conflict the internationally enforced peace settlement still holds, but there is little else to celebrate. Bosnia is more divided now than two decades ago. Intermarriage between the three principal ethnic groups -- Muslim Bosniaks, Catholic Croats and Orthodox Serbs -- is far less common that it was before the war, and children in Bosnia's two constituent entities, a Bosniak-Croat federation, and a Serb republic (Republika Srpska) are now growing up with minimal contact with each other. The once cosmopolitan capital, Sarajevo, is now almost monolithically Bosniak.

Germany / Jewish Holocaust / Genocide and Restitution

German Railway Fears Flood of Lawsuits over Holocaust Trains
By Tony Paterson
The Independent, April 3, 2012
"The German railway company Deutsche Bahn has engaged a New York law firm to fight off compensation claims that it might face under proposed legislation enabling Holocaust victims and their relatives to sue for damages in US courts. The state-owned network is the main successor to the Nazi-run Deutsche Reichsbahn which, along with other railways in German-occupied Europe, deported millions of Jews to death camps during the Second World War. Deutsche Bahn has in the past compensated Holocaust victims under extensive German government reparations to survivors. The German Foundation Agreement reached with the US in 2000 was considered to have conclusively resolved all outstanding claims against Germany. But under the laws proposed by the US Holocaust Rail Justice Act, which is now before Congress, Deutsche Bahn fears it could face fresh compensation claims in US courts. Efraim Zuroff, of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre in Jerusalem, said: 'To the best of my knowledge, no railroad company has ever been forced to compensate deportees. The cardinal question is the degree of independence which each railway company had in dealing with the deportations of the Jews.' Deutsche Bahn has been highly guarded about Holocaust issues in the past. In 2006, it refused to allow a French exhibition about the role of trains in death camp deportations to be shown at German stations. Last year, a group of eastern European victims of the Nazis announced plans to file a suit against the company in an American court. Contacted by Der Spiegel magazine yesterday, Deutsche Bahn said it had recruited lawyers and PR advisers to monitor the situation in America, but refused to comment further. It is reported to have contracted the New York PR company Strategy XXI Partners to develop a 'communications plan related to Holocaust asset issues'.

Eastern Europe / Baltic States / Neo-Nazism / Anti-Semitism

"With Latvian flags, people march in a procession to honor soldiers who fought in a Waffen SS unit during World War II, in Riga, Latvia, Tuesday, March 16, 2012." (AP Photo/Roman Koksarov)

Eastern Europe's Hitler Nostalgia
By Michael Goldfarb
Global Post on Salon.com, April 2, 2012
"In the Baltic States they celebrate their liberation from the Soviet Union in the middle of March. Winter's worst lies grey on the streets, but that doesn’t stop people in Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, and Riga, capital of Latvia, from marching solemnly to honor the heroes who fought vainly to keep the Soviet Union at bay. Among those who march are groups who honor those who fell wearing the uniform of the Waffen SS, the military arm of the notorious Nazi paramilitary unit. These SS veteran marches are not fringe events. Thousands march and thousands more turn out to cheer them on. The parades' permits are applied for by members of the governing party in parliament. Marchers are defended by the government. Latvia's president Andris Berzins reportedly praised the SS veterans on Latvian television last week, 'It's crazy to think they're war criminals.' Berzins added, 'Many people lost their lives for the future of Latvia. I don't see any basis to deny this ... it seems to me it's not acceptable to dishonor these people, before whom we should bow our heads,' he said. It's not just on Independence Day that the Nazi past intrudes on public life. In 2008, the Lithuanian parliament passed a law banning the display of Soviet and Nazi symbols. In 2010, a local Lithuanian court ruled that Swastikas were exempt from that law because the twisted crosses were 'Lithuania's historical heritage rather than symbols of Nazi Germany.' It would be easier to accept that explanation if the crowds didn’t cheer the marchers on with cries of 'Juden Raus!' or 'Jews out!' as eyewitnesses have attested. The official tolerance for marches honoring those who fought with the SS is part of a general trend in the Baltic States and all along the eastern borders of Europe: an embrace of a form of exclusionary nationalism that belongs to the 19th century, rather than the globalized 21st. It is the kind of nationalism that underpinned Hitler's theory of 'One People and One Reich.'

Libya

"Smoke rises from a road in the southern Libyan town of Sabha." (AFP/Getty Images)

Libyan Tribal Clashes Kill At Least 147 People
Associated Press dispatch in The Guardian, March 31, 2012
"Six days of tribal clashes in a remote desert town in southern Libya have killed 147 people, the country's health minister has said. Fatima al-Hamroush said in Tripoli on Saturday that the fighting in Sabha has also left 395 wounded and 180 people have been transported to the capital Tripoli for emergency treatment. The clashes in the oasis region some 400 miles south of Tripoli highlight the fragile authority of the Libyan government, particularly in the isolated settlements that dot the southern desert. With only a nascent national army and police force, Libya's ruling National Transitional Council relies on militias composed of former rebels to keep the peace, and the country's vast distances make it difficult to deploy them to trouble spots. Muammar Gaddafi's 40 years in power have left behind a patchwork of local rivalries. The Sabha fighting pits southern Libyan Arab tribes that reportedly had close connections to Gaddafi against the African Tabu tribe, which fought against him. Sabha residents said that the rivalry burst into open conflict on Monday after a Tabu shot a member of the Arab Abu Seif tribe, and then a delegation of Tabu elders and armed men was ambushed on its way to peace talks. The Tabu and Arab tribes fought in another oasis region, Kufra, in February, and Sabha residents said the two groups exchanged fire using automatic rifles, mortars and rockets. A spokesman for the Tabu, Mohammed Lino, said that about 70 Tabu homes were burnt and 100 families had been forced to flee the city during the past week of violence.

Sudan / Genocide and Satellite Monitoring

"George Clooney on a visit to the Zamzam refugee camp in north Darfur in 2008." (Sherren Zorba/AP)

George Clooney's Satellite Spies Reveal Secrets of Sudan's Bloody Army
By Paul Harris
The Guardian, March 24, 2012
"Nathaniel Raymond is the first to admit that he has an unusual job description. 'I count tanks from space for George Clooney,' said the tall, easygoing Massachusetts native as he sat in a conference room in front of a map of the Sudanese region of South Kordofan. Close by, pins and ink scrawlings on the map detail the positions of Sudanese army forces and refugee populations in the troubled oil-producing province, where the Sudanese army is carrying out a brutal crackdown. The wall next to Raymond has a series of satellite images projected on it. At the flick of a mouse, tiny images of tanks and military vehicles hove into view, caught by a satellite hundreds of miles above. Raymond is director of the Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP), which aims to use advanced satellite imagery to monitor potential human rights abuses in Sudan. And it was all Clooney's idea, turning him from just another Hollywood liberal with a pet cause to a genuine expert and campaigner on Sudan. Together with John Prendergast, another campaigner, Clooney has sneaked repeatedly into the country to document the random bombing of civilians and other atrocities. After a trip last month to the Nuba mountains, Clooney dodged rockets to return with grisly footage of corpses, children with missing hands and entire villages forced to live in caves. He showed the film to the Senate foreign relations committee in Washington DC -- to great praise from the assembled politicians -- then got arrested at a protest outside the Sudanese embassy. Images of Clooney being taken away in handcuffs appeared in newspapers and on blogs around the world. But it is in the day-to-day work of the Satellite Sentinel Project that Clooney's impact is really being felt.

Cambodia

"Thet Sambath's first documentary about the Khmer Rouge, Enemies of the People, was shortlisted for an Academy Award."

Journalist Seeking Truth about Khmer Rouge "Fears for His Life"
By Kate Hodal
The Guardian, March 25, 2012
"One of Cambodia's leading journalists and foremost researchers on the Khmer Rouge has told the Guardian he fears for his life after a two-year harassment campaign by state security forces he claims are attempting to prevent him from completing his latest film about the Killing Fields. Award-winning film-maker Thet Sambath -- whose 2009 documentary about the Khmer Rouge, Enemies of the People, was shortlisted for an Oscar -- claims that uniformed soldiers and plainclothes 'spies' working for the Cambodian government have repeatedly followed, harassed and chased him by car and motorbike, with the intention of "'making [him] disappear'. 'They are concerned I will reveal their true crime [through the new film] and ... [that] their reputation will be destroyed,' Sambath said. 'I know too much about what really happened. They want me dead.' Sambath, a senior reporter for the Phnom Penh Post, said the harassment started in May 2010 after news reports circulated internationally about Enemies of the People. Largely regarded as a political and historical watershed, it is the only Khmer Rouge documentary with testimony from the regime's no 2 and ideological leader, Nuon Chea, whom Sambath spent 10 years tracking down and interviewing. In the film, Chea admits he and Pol Pot decided to 'kill and destroy' party members they considered enemies of the people, while lower-ranking cadres demonstrate, in graphic detail, how they implemented orders to slit the throats and dump the bodies of those targeted. The film created a huge stir abroad and locally, winning the Sundance jury prize as well as some 30 other awards, and stimulating dialogue about a traditionally taboo subject in Cambodia itself. But Sambath's follow-up film poses a greater concern for the future of the nation, he says.

Iraq

"Riyadh al-Bahadli with a photograph of his brother Walid, who was killed in a Baghdad neighborhood to which he returned after fleeing during the war." (Adam Ferguson/The New York Times)

As Displaced Return to Iraq, New Tensions for Neighbors
By Jack Healy and Yasir Ghazi
The New York Times, March 24, 2012
"Even after death squads began killing his neighbors, after corpses appeared in the streets around his home and his family fled in fear, Walid al-Bahadli still believed in his once affluent and diverse neighborhood of Al Adel. A Shiite Muslim, he had grown up there during the 1960s, when Sunnis and Shiites lived side by side in palm-shaded mansions. He vowed after he and his family moved away to safety that the family would return. But as the Bahadlis have discovered, along with hundreds of thousands of Iraqis now seeking to go back to areas they fled during the bad times, going home again is never as simple as it seems. Instead, they find themselves perched along the next front in Iraq's seemingly unending turmoil: the battle of return. Across the country, near-record numbers of displaced families are pouring back, but instead of kindling a much-needed reconciliation they are in some cases reviving the resentments and suspicions created by bloody purges that carved Iraq into archipelagos of Sunnis, Shiites and Kurds after the American-led 2003 invasion. In places like Al Adel, some Shiite families view the Sunni families who stayed behind as complicit partners of the violent Sunni militants who overran many mixed neighborhoods. But many Sunni families say they now feel like they are being hounded by returning Shiites who, for the first time in centuries, have the force of the government and army at their backs. In 2011, the number of returnees to Iraq soared by 120 percent from a year earlier, to 260,690, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. They were drawn back by improving security and larger government payments to Iraqis registering as returnees. It was the most since 2004, when the fall of Saddam Hussein opened the gates for thousands who had fled his brutality, forced relocations and a decade of crushing sanctions. As they continue to come home, they will test whether Iraq can move beyond a sectarian prism that distorts its politics and undercuts its security.

Israel / Iran

Some Israelis Want to Bomb Iran -- with Love
The Los Angeles Times, March 20, 2012
"Israel and Iran are at loggerheads over the disputed Iranian nuclear program, spurring talk of war. Yet some Israelis and Iranians are saying something very different: We love you. Israelis opposed to attacking suspected Iranian nuclear development sites have started an Internet campaign deluging Iranians with love, flashing peace signs and smiles behind phrases such as 'We will never bomb you' and 'We (heart) you.' 'To all the beautiful Iranian people ... We love you! We do not want any war with you ... Big hugs from Israel, HAPPY NOWRUZ!!' an Israeli identified as Roni Parnass wrote from her Facebook account. Some Iranians feel the love too. Facebook user Pirmadtanha Abdan wrote (in somewhat fractured English), 'i am an iranian and i love all people dose matter where they are come from, all we need peace if our politicians let us.' The loving logo was created by Tel Aviv graphic designers Ronny Edry and wife Michal Tamir and spread through the website israelovesiran.com and Facebook, where it has gained more than 4,000 'likes.'

Libya / Forensic Investigations

"It is thought that hundreds of people were buried in mass graves following the Libyan uprising."

Libyans Struggle with Secrets of Mass Graves
By Wyre Davies
BBC Online, March 19, 2012
"As the Libyan authorities try to secure the extradition of the former head of intelligence, Abdullah al-Senussi, the BBC has been told that there could still be as many as 8,000 missing or disappeared people in the country, from both sides of the conflict, as the BBC's Wyre Davies reports from Tripoli. On a sandy stretch of waste ground a few miles outside Tripoli, a small crowd of militiamen gather almost excitedly around a large yellow earthmover. The digger is excavating a huge hole in the ground. From the pile of earth at the side of the hole a few bones are sticking out. Bones that are immediately recognisable as belonging to humans: long leg bones and pieces of skull. This is a mass grave. At this particular site, Ahmed Atar, a medical student and militia member, tells me there may be as many as 30 or 35 bodies. 'These were people killed right at the start of last year's revolution,' he tells me. 'When the regime wanted to clean the streets of Tripoli, so it could show off to the foreign press how much it was in control, they shot protesters and buried their bodies here.' Hisham Sharif is hoping his brother has not met a similar fate. I went back with him to En Zara prison. This is where 40-year-old Tarek was last seen after he was detained at the clinic where he worked as a doctor. As long as there is a chance his brother may be alive, or that he can at least recover his body, Hisham will try anything and has already given a DNA sample to a central data bank. 'I don't know if he's dead or alive,' Hisham says with tears in his eyes as we look over the prison courtyard, now full of captured Gaddafi loyalists. 'I just need to know where Tarek is.'

Iraq / Emocide

"Ban, a teenage girl in the Shiite shrine city of Najaf in 2010, rebelled by dressing as an emo under her head scarf and robes." (Ned Parker/The Los Angeles Times)

Iraq Killings Said to Target "Emos" for Nonconformist Style
The Los Angeles Times, March 16, 2012
"Unconventional youths who call themselves 'emos' have reportedly been threatened or killed in a recent round of attacks in Iraq, where some see their long hair and alternative style as gay. Though 'emos' are known as a specific subculture that mixes goth and glitter in the West, the term has become a catchall phrase for all kinds of nonconformists in Iraq, said Samer Muscati, a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch. Gay and effeminate men have been lumped into the category. 'They are grouping us all together, anyone who is different in any way, and we are very easy targets,' a 22-year-old gay man in Baghdad told Human Rights Watch after getting death threats on his phone. The Iraqi government has dismissed the problem; the Interior Ministry has characterized emos as 'Satanists', according to human rights groups. A coalition of international organizations is pushing the Iraqi government to take the problem seriously, calling for an investigation to bring the killers to justice.

Sudan / South Kordofan

Thousands Flee South Kordofan Fighting
Al Jazeera, March 18, 2012
"Thousands of people have fled villages in Sudan's South Kordofan region amid an assault by Sudanese forces. They say the army has launched a deliberate campaign to bomb and starve civilians in the disputed region where it is fighting rebels aligned with South Sudan. Almost every day, villages are hit by bombs, rockets and artillery. Many are sheltering in caves, and food is running scarce. The UN estimates about 300,000 people in the Nuba Mountains might starve if they do not get help. Al Jazeera's Peter Greste travelled to the remote region for this exclusive report."

International Criminal Court / D.R. Congo

"This picture taken June 3, 2003 shows UPC (Union of Congolese Patriots) leader Thomas Lubanga during a rally in Bunia, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The International Criminal Court on March 14, 2012 found the African militia leader guilty of recruiting and deploying child soldiers. It is the ICC's first verdict since the court was launched in 2002." (Gianluigi Guercia/AFP/Getty Images)

ICC Finds Thomas Lubanga Guilty of Using Child Soldiers
By Erin Conway-Smith
Global Post, March 14, 2012
"The International Criminal Court has found Thomas Lubanga, the Congolese warlord, guilty of recruiting and deploying child soldiers. It is the ICC's first verdict since the court was launched in 2002. In a unanimous decision, the three judges in The Hague convicted Lubanga, saying he was responsible for the recruitment of child soldiers while leading the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) during a bloody five-year war that ended in 2003. Humanitarian groups say an estimated 60,000 people were killed during the inter-ethnic conflict, centered on the remote, gold-rich Ituri region of the northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. 'The chamber reached its decision unanimously that the prosecution has proved Thomas Lubanga guilty of crimes of conscription and enlisting children under the age of 15 and used them to participate in hostilities,' Judge Adrian Fulford told the court, Agence France-Presse reported. 'The evidence demonstrated that the children were deployed ... and took part in the fighting,' Fulford said, according to AFP. Lubanga, 51, who was arrested in 2005, will be sentenced at a later hearing. He faces a maximum sentence of life in prison. The New York-based group Human Rights Watch described the verdict as 'a first step in bringing justice to the tens of thousands of children forced to fight in conflicts.'

Guatemala / National Tribunals

"Former Guatemalan special forces soldier Pedro Pimentel Rios at his trial for his role in the Dos Erres massacre." (Moises Castillo/AP)

Guatemalan Ex-Soldier Jailed for 6,060 Years over Dos Erres Massacre
The Guardian, March 13, 2012
"A former Guatemalan special forces soldier has been sentenced to 6,060 years in prison for his role in the killings of 201 people in a 1982 massacre. Pedro Pimentel Rios was the fifth member of the elite military force to be sentenced to 6,060 years or more for what became known as the Dos Erres massacre after the killings in the northern Guatemala village during the 1960-96 civil war. The sentence handed down by a three-judge panel is largely symbolic since under Guatemalan law the maximum time a prisoner can serve is 50 years. It specified 30 years for each of the 201 deaths, plus 30 years for crimes against humanity. Pimentel Rios, 54, is a former instructor at a training school for the military force known as the Kaibiles. He lived in Santa Ana, California, and worked in a clothing factory for years until being detained by immigration authorities in May 2010. He was extradited to Guatemala last year. The civil war claimed at least 200,000 lives, with the country's US-backed army being responsible for most of the deaths, according to the findings of a truth commission. In December 1982, several dozen soldiers stormed Dos Erres, searched homes for missing weapons and systematically killed men, women and children. Soldiers bludgeoned villagers with a sledgehammer, threw them down a well, and raped women and girls before killing them, according to court papers filed in a case brought by US prosecutors against another former kaibil.

Iraq / Violence against Christians

"At monasteries in Qosh, Christians who fled Baghdad's strife for the Kurdish north are now abandoning the area, ground down in part by a lack of jobs." (Adam Ferguson/The New York Times)

Exodus From North Signals Iraqi Christians' Slow Decline
By Jack Healy
The New York Times, March 10, 2012
"Iraq's dwindling Christians, driven from their homes by attacks and intimidation, are beginning to abandon the havens they had found in the country's north, discouraged by unemployment and a creeping fear that the violence they had fled was catching up to them. Their quiet exodus to Turkey, Jordan, Europe and the United States is the latest chapter of a seemingly inexorable decline that many religious leaders say tolls the twilight of Christianity in a land where city skylines have long been marked by both minarets and church steeples. Recent assessments say that Iraq’s Christian population has now fallen by more than half since the 2003 American invasion, and with the military's departure, some Christians say they lost a protector of last resort. Their flight is felt in places like the wind-scoured village of Tenna, which has sheltered dozens of Christian migrants over the past nine years. The families fleeing Baghdad's death squads and bombings found safety here beneath the hulking mountains, but little else besides poverty, boredom and cold. Villagers estimate that half of the 50 or so Christian homes are now empty, their families abroad. Walid Shamoon, 42, wants to be the next to leave. He said he left Iraq's capital in January 2011 after a confrontation with Shiite militia members set off a nightmare of escalating death threats and an attempt on his life. A brother had already been killed in a mortar attack six years earlier, so he said he quit his contract job with the Australian Embassy, giving up a $1,500 monthly salary, and came here. These days, all he can think about is his application to emigrate to Arizona. 'This is not a life,' he said one recent afternoon, as a blizzard raced down from the mountains. 'There is no improvement. There is no work.' Many of the people now struggling in Iraq's Kurdish north came in the wake of a suicide attack in Baghdad at Our Lady of Salvation Church in October 2010. It was the single worst assault on Iraq's Christians since the war began, one that left 50 worshipers and 2 priests dead and that turned the church into a charnel house of scorched pews and shattered stained glass.

Israel / Jewish Holocaust

"Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu holds two letters, one of which he read from, as he addresses the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) Policy Conference in Washington, Monday, March 5, 2012." (AP Photo/Cliff Owen)

Israelis Criticize PM's Iran-Holocaust Parallels
By Daniel Estrin
Associated Press dispatch on Yahoo! News, March 7, 2012
"The Israeli prime minister's linking of Iran to Nazi Germany evoked ringing applause this week at a gathering of a pro-Israel lobbying group in Washington. Back home, though, it drew some heavy criticism. The Nazi Holocaust of World War II is a delicate and charged topic in Israel, and many felt Benjamin Netanyahu's repeated equating of the Nazis with the possible modern-day threat of a nuclear-armed Iran went too far. In his speech to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee Monday, Netanyahu introduced a Holocaust survivor Israeli Cabinet minister who traveled with him to Washington. He also held up Holocaust-era documents that he said he keeps in his office desk: An 1944 exchange of letters between the World Jewish Congress, imploring the United States to bomb Auschwitz, the largest Nazi concentration camp, and the U.S. reply that it would not do so. 'As prime minister of Israel, I will never let my people live in the shadow of annihilation,' Netanyahu declared. 'Today we have a state of our own. And the purpose of the Jewish state is to defend Jewish lives and to secure the Jewish future,' Netanyahu said to waves of applause. 'Never again will we not be masters of the fate of our very survival. Never again.' His parallels were clear: Just as the Nazis tried to exterminate European Jewry during World War II, Netanyahu implied that Iran's apparent pursuit of nuclear weapons is part of a plot to wipe Israel off the map. 'Never again' is the signature phrase of the Jewish pledge that the Holocaust must not be repeated. Critics accused Netanyahu of both cheapening the memory of the Holocaust and unnecessarily escalating tensions at a time when the US was urging restraint.